Find answers to all your homework questions and assignments at blogger.com the best homeworkhelp experts available to help you blogger.com have experts for various subjects like finance, management, engineering, statistics, economics, accounting Nov 16, · Depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder that is characterised by persistent low mood, diminished interest, and loss of pleasure. Music therapy may be helpful in modulating moods and emotions. An update of the Cochrane review was needed to ALL YOUR PAPER NEEDS COVERED 24/7. No matter what kind of academic paper you need, it is simple and affordable to place your order with Achiever Essays
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue. Learn More. Depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder that is characterised by persistent low mood, diminished interest, and loss of pleasure. Music therapy may be helpful bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue modulating moods and emotions. An update of the Cochrane review was needed to improve knowledge on effects of music therapy for depression. To compare effects of different forms of music therapy for people of any age with a diagnosis of depression.
We checked reference lists of retrieved articles and relevant systematic reviews and contacted trialists and subject experts for additional information when needed. We updated this search in August and placed potentially relevant studies in the "Awaiting classification" section; we will incorporate these into bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue next version of this review as appropriate.
All randomised controlled trials RCTs and controlled clinical trials CCTs comparing music therapy versus treatment as usual TAUpsychological therapies, pharmacological therapies, other therapies, or different forms of music therapy for reducing depression. Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risk bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue bias, and extracted data from all included studies. We assessed heterogeneity using the I 2 statistic.
Music therapy was not associated with more or fewer adverse events than TAU. Regarding secondary outcomes, music therapy plus TAU was superior to TAU alone for anxiety and functioning. Music therapy and TAU was not more effective than TAU alone for improved quality of life SMD 0.
We found no significant discrepancies in the numbers of participants who left the study early OR 0. We found no eligible evidence addressing adverse events, functioning, and anxiety. We found no eligible evidence addressing adverse events, functioning, or anxiety.
Music therapy added to treatment as usual TAU seems to improve depressive symptoms compared with TAU alone.
Additionally, music therapy plus TAU is not associated with more or fewer adverse events than TAU alone. Music therapy also shows efficacy in decreasing anxiety levels and improving functioning of depressed individuals. Future trials based on adequate design and larger samples of children and adolescents are needed to consolidate our findings.
Researchers should consider investigating mechanisms of music therapy for depression. It is important to clearly describe music therapy, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue, TAU, the comparator condition, and the profession of the person who delivers the intervention, for reproducibility and comparison purposes. Depression is a common problem that causes changes in mood and loss of interest and pleasure. Music therapy, an intervention that involves regular meetings with a qualified music therapist, may help in improving mood through emotional expression.
This review might add new information about effects of music therapy in depressed individuals. Our review will be of interest for the following people: people with depression and their families, friends, and carers; general practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other professionals working in mental health; music therapists working in mental health; and mental health policy makers.
Is music therapy more effective than treatment as usual alone or psychological therapy? We included nine bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue with a total of people of any age group from adolescents to older people. Studies compared effects of music therapy versus treatment as usual, and versus psychological therapy.
Additionally, we examined the differences between two different forms of music therapy: active where people sing or play music and receptive where people listen to music. We found that music therapy plus treatment as usual is more effective than treatment as usual alone. Music therapy seems to reduce depressive symptoms and anxiety and helps to improve functioning e. maintaining involvement in job, activities, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue, and relationships. We are not sure whether music therapy is better than psychological therapy.
Bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue do not know whether one form of music therapy is better than another. The small numbers of identified studies and participants make it hard bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue be confident about these comparisons.
Music therapy for depression is likely to be effective for people in decreasing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Music therapy also helps people to function in their everyday life. However, our findings are not complete and need to be clarified through additional research. Future trials should study depression in children and adolescents, and future trial reports should thoroughly describe music therapy interventions, other interventions, and the person who delivers these interventions.
Depression is a mood disorder and a common mental illness that affects more than million people worldwide. Depression is projected to become the leading cause of disability by the year At its worst, depression can lead to suicide, and it has been linked to approximatelycases of suicide per year WHO Affective disturbance is at the core of depression Gotlib In both systems, diagnosis requires the presence of at least one core symptom for most of the day, almost every day for at least two weeks.
Depressive disorders are comorbid with a vast array of other psychiatric disorders, health problems, and diseases, and with many types of severely dysfunctional relationships Richards Research, practice, education, and clinical training in music therapy are based on professional standards according to cultural, social, and political contexts WFMT ". Music therapy is delivered in a variety of contexts e. mental health, medical, community, developmental, and educational contexts Edwards Music therapy can be delivered to groups or individually, and participants may drop into an open group e.
in a psychiatric ward setting or may be referred and assessed by the music therapist before placement in individual treatment or closed group therapy. Music therapy approaches across the world have emerged from diverse traditions such as behavioural, psychoanalytical, educational, or humanistic models of therapy.
listening to music Bruscia ; Wheeler Improvisation might be the active method most commonly used in adult mental health Gold Often, different methods and techniques are combined in the same therapy. In recent years, specialisations have evolved e. neurologic music therapy NMTto improve cognitive, sensory, and motor functioning Thaut ; Thaut The aim of music therapy is to improve health via therapeutic change agents such as music, relationships, and reflections. In both active and receptive methods, the music therapist and participants are actively involved and musical interaction takes place between therapist and patient, or between therapist and group.
Sessions are carried out within a structured therapeutic framework that serves as the basis for the music therapy intervention. Music therapy training is delivered at the Master's level, at the Bachelor's level, or at completion of extended undergraduate degree programmes.
Cochrane reviews are an important source of information on EBP of music therapy and have been conducted to provide a guide for music therapy treatment, music therapy education, and development of meaningful guidelines Edwards Music is a powerful stimulus that evokes and modulates moods and emotions Baumgartner ; Baumgartner a ; Koelsch ; music is often used intentionally to regulate moods and emotions in daily life Juslin With compositional methods, the process of composition helps patients generate and refine personal opinions, ideas, and fantasies, and puts them into a workable musical structure Bruscia Synchronisation and attuned musical expression can modulate levels of stress and anxiety.
Intersubjective moments form the basis for development of subjectivity, togetherness, creation of meaning, and possibilities of actions and language Trondalen In receptive music therapy, the music therapist uses methods and techniques by which the patient is a recipient of the music experience Grocke The music in music therapy may consist of live or recorded improvisations, performances, or compositions presented in various styles, such as classical, rock, jazz, and country.
The patient is encouraged to listen to music and to respond silently, verbally, or in another modality. The putative mechanism of action in receptive music therapy for depression is that different types of musical stimuli directly induce shifts in consciousness, stimulate imaging and senses, induce moods and evoke feelings, influence the body, stimulate or sedate physical or mental energy, motivate or discourage physical activity, motivate interaction, and evoke introspection, reflection, and insight Bruscia It has been suggested that receptive music therapy can help reduce stress, soothe pain, and energise the body Bruscia ; Standley Intentional listening via images enables the patient to focus, relax, experience, and share experiences, and leads to reduced anxiety Grocke ; Grocke This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in Maratos Authors of the original review stated that music therapy has been offered to people with mental disorders across the world, yet the evidence base of music therapy for depression had not been examined.
Trials were not reviewed, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue randomised controlled trials RCTs included small sample sizes, making outcomes difficult to gauge accurately, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue. Participant groups were often heterogeneous, and approaches to and methods of music therapy varied. Since the first review was published, several larger, more robust RCTs of music therapy for depression have been reported, and an update of the systematic review has become necessary to assess available evidence on music therapy with the goals of understanding its effectiveness for patients with depression and comparing effects of different forms of music therapy.
Maratos and colleagues included five studies in the first version of this review Chen ; Hanser ; Hendricks ; Radulovic ; Zerhusen ; review authors concluded at that time that music therapy was accepted by people with depression and was associated with improvement in depressive symptoms. Because of the small number and low bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue quality of identified studies, review authors could not confidently provide conclusions about the effectiveness of music therapy.
To date, several other trials related to music therapy and depression have been conducted, but they have not yet been systematically reviewed. Authors of a narrative review on music therapy and depression concluded that current research regarding music therapy and depression suggests a significant and persistent reduction in patients' symptoms, along with improvements in quality of life Assche We also aimed to compare different music therapy methods and approaches to enable better understanding of the relationship between process and outcomes.
Finally, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue, results of this systematic review might lead to new implications for research, guidelines, clinical practice, policy, and music therapy education. All randomised controlled trials RCTs and clinical controlled trials CCTspublished and unpublished, undertaken in any country, were eligible for inclusion. Any form of music therapy e, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue.
To be bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue, music therapy had to be provided by a trained therapist or health professional. Trials involving trainees in formal music therapy training programmes were considered, as were programmes provided by music therapists without formal training. Some untrained practitioners call their practice music therapy; owing to the relative newness of music therapy as a regulated profession, we included these studies in this review as well.
Some kind of musical interaction took place between therapist and participant, or between therapist and members of a group e. improvisation, other forms of musical expression, listening to music. The main therapeutic change agent could be described as the music; the relationship; or reflections induced by the music. TAU, which can be defined as the combination of different therapies or activities e. Depressive symptoms: We assessed depressive symptoms according to continuous validated depression measures.
Social and occupational functioning, as measured by a validated tool, bipolar disorder dissertation ethical issue, such as the Social Functioning Questionnaire SFQ; Tyrer Quality of life, as assessed on a validated measure scale, such as EuroQol Brooks Satisfaction with treatment, as measured by validated tools, such as the howRwe questionnaire Benson We included in the review any duration of treatment period and all time frames of outcome assessment.
If a study reported more than one time point within the considered time frame, we chose the latest time point for analyses.
Case study clinical example: Session with a client with Bipolar Disorder (fluctuations in mood)
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